In Shining Armour

By Frosty Wooldridge
Dec 5, 2003, 13:45

http://michnews.com/artman/publish/printer_1879.shtml

Each day American citizens go to work, they are taxed by their local,
state and federal government. Those taxes maintain a functioning
society. They provide for the common health, welfare and defense of
this nation. The average American must work from January 1st to May
5th to pay their taxes. That means they work for four months to
maintain this society. The rest of the year, they work for their
families and personal needs.

However, that has changed in the past ten years with an excess of 10
million people from foreign countries having crossed into the United
States illegally. Their growing numbers of over 2,200 per day are
creating a national crisis for every American family. In 2003, and
estimated 800,000 to 1,000,000 people crossed illegally into the
United States. That number is expected to exceed one million in 2004.

What are the costs? For the average American-extreme and growing. Why?
Because illegal aliens work under the table without paying taxes. Who
benefits? A few employers. Who loses? You do. Why? According to
Harvard Professor George Borjas, immigration costs American workers
$133 billion annually in wage depression and job loss. In the past ten
years, 2.3 million low skill American workers were displaced from
their jobs due to the heavy influx of foreign workers. Taxpayers paid
$15 billion in public assistance, Medicaid, food stamps and
unemployment compensation to Americans who had lost their jobs to
illegal immigrants.

In the past two years alone, the U.S. economy lost three million jobs
and unemployment rose to 6.4 percent. Yet the illegal immigration
pipeline keeps pumping into communities across America. Even more
sobering, immigrant households consume $20 billion more in public
services than they pay in taxes. Even more frightening, illegal
immigrants as well as legal immigrants send $55.5 billion dollars back
to their home countries--$14.5 to Mexico, $25 billion to South America
and $16 billion to Asia-thus draining currency out of America.

Each year, immigration takes $68 billion dollars out of your pocket.
They cost $7.4 billion to teach their children English as a second
language. California, with three million illegals, pays $2.2 billion
annually to educate illegal alien children. They are $38 billion in
debt. Texas is $12 billion in debt with 1.5 million illegal aliens
that cost them $1.03 billion annually. What is it in your state? The
USA is $6.8 trillion in debt. How long can your family and your
country maintain this financial nightmare?

Currently, illegal and legal immigrants make up 25% of the U.S. prison
population at an annual cost of $1 billion. That's just the ones that
are caught. Last summer, eight illegals raped eight Boulder, Colorado
women and fled to Mexico. One killed an LA police officer and fled
over the border. Gangs and drugs run over the Mexican border costing
American citizens millions in rehabilitation for addicts.

An even greater dilemma crossing over our borders are the diseases
riding in the bodies of illegal aliens who avoid health screening. An
incurable strain of tuberculosis, once endemic only to Mexico, is now
riding in the bodies of 16,000 people who crossed over in the past
four years. Over 7,000 new cases of leprosy have crossed over in the
past three years. Included in this growing crisis are Exotic New
Castle Disease, Dengue Fever, Chagas Disease and worse. In excess of
100,000 cases of hepatitis have been discovered, but the price has not
been added up at this time. The cost to every American citizen grows
by the day as over 2.3 million legal and illegal immigrants cross
America's borders annually.

Unfortunately, they come from countries without family planning, which
makes the line endless and growing. You might ask yourself, "What is
all this immigration doing for my family? Am I better off? How am I
benefiting? Is there something going on that I've missed? What about
my job and my community?"

Every citizen has a stake in the outcome of this crisis. If not now,
then later, for your children. You ask, "Why, in fact, are our elected
officials giving illegal aliens driver's licenses, instate tuition,
free schooling, medical care and more? Why are they helping illegal
alien migration by not securing America's borders since 9/11? What
good are our laws if our own federal officials won't enforce them?"

The reason is simple: Not enough people have spoken up. The worst
decision you can make is to think you can do so little that you do
nothing at all. If you do nothing, illegal aliens WILL keep crossing
our borders. It will get worse. It's up to you to start writing
letters to the editor, speaking up on radio talk shows, calling your
senators and congressmen/women daily, calling federal officials, make
noise, be heard and join action groups. The Boston Tea Party was one
of the great events that started this nation. One of your great,
great, great grandparents most likely heaved a few bags of tea
overboard. What are you going to do?

Watch, wait or take action?

It's your country, your kids and your future.

--------
Sources: Center for Immigration Studies, Washington, DC. Federation
of American Immigration Reform, Dr. Don Huddle of Rice University,
San Diego Union Tribune, Harvard University, National Academy of
Sciences

About the author: Frosty Wooldridge, former US Army Medical Service
Corps officer, teacher and author, has bicycled 100,000 miles on six
continents to see overpopulation up close and ugly. Latest book:
'STRIKE THREE! TAKE YOUR BASE'. His next book: 'INCURSION INTO
AMERICA: HOW MASSIVE IMMIGRATION ADVERSELY AFFECTS AMERICANS
CITIZENS'. If you want to take action, write the author and he will
forward you to web sites nationally and in your state. Nationally,
join www.numbersusa.com or call toll free in Congress: 1 800 648 3516
and give them a piece of your mind

Dtbullock

HEY SHINING ARMOUR, YOUR BLINDING YOURSELF WITH THAT NONSENSE, dont forget,
the mexican is paying taxes, but with someone elses identification and yet,
they can not claim the tax back.Furthermore, I was the mexicans foreman, so
I know and observed their most deepest activities. So my question to you
is........................where do you hear such garbage............from
your racist friends in the other groups, perhaps

Pablito

Hey DT, why don't you take about ten of them home as
house pets, feed and water them , provide for their
medical, house their families, and build a community in
your backyard for them, and after about ten years of
YOU footing the bill,----.

Then after the ten years you will have the right to flap
your gums about the feelings of the rest of the
Citizens of the United States of America, not wanting
any part of The mexicaneer Scumbags.

Other than that, take your BS and stuff it where the sun
don't shine.
Pablito
******************************************

"DTBullock" <> wrote in message
news:brgs42$822f$...
    > HEY SHINING ARMOUR, YOUR BLINDING YOURSELF WITH THAT NONSENSE, dont
forget,
    > the mexican is paying taxes, but with someone elses identification and
yet,
    > they can not claim the tax back.Furthermore, I was the mexicans foreman,
so
    > I know and observed their most deepest activities. So my question to you
    > is........................where do you hear such garbage............from
    > your racist friends in the other groups, perhaps

Oliver Costich

On Sun, 14 Dec 2003 00:23:20 -0500, "DTBullock"
<> wrote:

    >HEY SHINING ARMOUR, YOUR BLINDING YOURSELF WITH THAT NONSENSE, dont forget,
    >the mexican is paying taxes, but with someone elses identification and yet,
    >they can not claim the tax back.Furthermore, I was the mexicans foreman, so
    >I know and observed their most deepest activities. So my question to you
    >is........................where do you hear such garbage............from
    >your racist friends in the other groups, perhaps

Right. The taxes they pay on minimum wage will cover all their social
costs. Idiot!

Thanchaur

Illegal aliens spend in your country. That money ultimately cycles in
your economy. If they pay tax, the government will have more revenue and
wage more war. It's better to give the money to the business directly
rather than to the government.



You referred Professor Borjas. Go and ask him who is more efficient in
spending money, business or Government.

Drvr1

(Here is a bit more analysis on George J. Borjas and

others by Sarah Kabir )



----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------







Popular belief regarding immigration is that immigrants take away jobs,
especially those from racial minorities, create unemployment and depress
wages. Numerous studies have been done in assessing the impact of
immigration on native wages, but, their results vary significantly.The
impact of immigration on the wages of competing native-born workers is
very small. This is because American economy is extremely large and
complex, running at 7.6 trillion dollars a year, and that a very big
increase in the supply of workers would be required to seriously affect
such an economy. Since, the aggregate increase in the supply of labor
caused by immigration in the U.S. is low, the impact of immigration on
the wages of competing native-born workers is also small. In addition,
the effect seems to be dispersed across the country because competing
native workers migrate out of the areas to which immigrants move.







Although the aggregate increase in the supply of labor due to
immigration might be small at the national level, it might be
significant in the geographical areas with high concentration of
immigrants. Simultaneously, less-educated black workers might feel
heavier impacts due to increased supply because their skills resemble
closely those of most immigrants.There is a numerically weak
relationship between native wages and immigration across all types of
native workers, white and black, skilled and unskilled, male and female.
The only group that have suffered some adverse effects is the earlier
immigrant cohort, but not the black Americans, since the majority of the
latter group happen to reside in states not inhabited by most immigrants



Jorge Borjas argues that shifts in the sources of immigration have had
significant economic consequences, firstly, because the skills of the
successive immigrant cohorts emerging mainly from less-developed nations
were not as strong as their earlier counterparts from industrialized
countries and, secondly, because of these sizable cohort effects, there
was much less convergence between the earnings of immigrants and natives
than was previously believed. According to Borjas, the combination of
relatively low skills and sluggish wage growth suggested that the
immigrants who arrived in the 1970s would not attain wage parity with
the U.S.-born workers during their working lives.The decline in the
relative wages of successive immigrant waves continued into the 1980s
and that the earnings of Mexican and Asian immigrants, the two groups
making up the majority of recent immigration, would not converge to the
earnings of their earlier counterparts of the same origin.







The same is true for a study conducted by Augustine J. Kposowa, who
assessed the impact of immigration on unemployment and earnings among
racial minorities in the U.S. He assumed that employers would hire only
to maximize their profits and lower their costs and would turn to
immigrants instead of native minorities if the former can provide the
same level of skills at a lower price. Hence, a competition between the
two groups might evolve and employers would take advantage by reducing
wages. Kposowa's empirical study showed that increases in immigration in
the 1970s and 1980s have had significant negative effects on
unemployment levels among racial minorities. This is because immigrants
were substitutes for native U.S.-born workers who possessed very low
levels of skills and education.







Since immigrants were willing to accept lower wages, they were preferred
over the natives by profit-driven employers. Immigration has had a
negative impact on minority income in the 1980s even after adjusting for
human capital variables and minority skill levels. Two possible
explanations were offered for this finding. Firstly, immigrants,
especially the low-skilled ones, added to the supply of labor in the
secondary labor market. When supply exceeded demand, employers did not
raise wages, which depressed the native minority earnings because most
minorities were in direct competition with the immigrants for jobs
located at the peripheral sector of the economy. Secondly, some
employers chose immigrants to break strikes, unions etc. because in fear
of unemployment, the immigrants accepted whatever wages the employers
were willing to offer. This, once again, lowered minority wage levels
within the economy. That is why, Kposowa contended, that immigration of
less skilled workers has promoted job loss, lowered earnings and reduced
occupational mobility for native non-whites in the U.S.







Staughton Lewis cited a common misconception that there are fixed number
of jobs in the economy and as immigrants enter the labor market, natives
are displaced on a one-to-one basis. This fallacy does not take into
account the stimulating effect that immigration has on the economy in
terms of technical improvement and capital accumulation and that in the
long run there might be expansion of the economy and that the employment
level might actually increase. According to Lewis, problems might arise
only when there are fixed number of jobs in the economy, the immigrants
are perfect substitutes of the natives in terms of skills and output
capacity, and that immigrants are willing to work for lower wages than
their native counterparts.







A brief theoretical analysis could be reviewed to demonstrate how
classical economics predicts the effects on native earnings after the
inflow of immigrants into the labor market. With the assumption that all
labor consists of two homogenous groups: natives and immigrants, an
increase in substitute immigrant labor would cause an increase in the
total supply of labor and a decrease in native wages. In the short-run,
as substitute immigrants enter the market, wages drop. In the long-run,
native labor supply drops, as natives leave the job market because of
low wages and the immigrants step in to take the jobs performed earlier
by the natives.







A situation different from that shown above would prevail if immigrants
and natives happen to be complements instead of being substitutes. If
they are complements, natives can gain both employment and wages by
specializing in those industries and occupations in which they have a
comparative advantage. Hence, with an increase in immigrant labor,
greater demand is generated for native labor which is reflected in the
labor demand curve shifting upwards. As a result, the equilibrium wage
rate of native labor rises, and the quantity of native labor that is
employed increases.







Lewis attempted to find out whether immigrants are complements or
substitutes for native labor in the U.S..He found that both negative and
positive impacts of immigration on native earnings and employment are
possible. One of Lewis findings was that results of the empirical
evidence vary according to region or industry. For example, in New York
City, black and Hispanic immigrants are substitutes for the natives of
the same origin residing in the U.S., while in the South, illegal
Hispanic immigrants are competing with native Hispanics.







The same nature of variation in the impact of immigration can be
observed across industries since studies show construction,
manufacturing and contract cleaning sectors to be most affected by
immigrants while food service and agriculture being benefited due to the
complementary nature of work undertaken by immigrants and natives.
Although the popular belief is that only the secondary sector is
affected while the primary sector remains unaffected by immigration, in
the long-run, as immigrants gain education and crucial labor skills,
they might be competing for middle management positions in industries in
the primary sector in the years to come. So, over time, the primary
sector might be more affected than the secondary one due to immigration.







Although there seems to agreement as to whether immigrants adversely
affect natives' earnings and employment, there are some clear benefits
of immigration. In the absence of immigration inflow, jobs performed by
immigrants would either have to be filled by natives or would not be
performed at all. The presence of immigration causes a reallocation of
labor across different sectors of the economy which changes the mix of
goods and services that the natives consume and in turn brings about a
fall in prices, even if it takes away jobs from certain natives in the
short-run.









References:



1) George J. Borjas, "Assimilation and Changes in Cohort Quality
Revisited: What Happened to Immigrant Earnings in the 1980s?"
National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996.



2) Augustine J. Kposowa, "The Impact of Immigration on Unemployment and
Earnings among Racial Minorities in the United States", in Ethnic and
Racial Studies, Volume 18, Number 3, July 1995, pp. 605-628.



3) National Research Council, "Immigration's Effect on Jobs and Wages:
Empirical Evidence (Impact of Immigrants on Native Earnings and
Employment)" in The New Americans: Economic, Demographic and Fiscal
Effects of Immigration, edited by James P. Smith and Barry
Edmonsten, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1997, Chapter
5, pp. 219-230 .



4) Staughton Y. Lewis, "Impacts of Immigration on U.S. Natives'
Employment and Earnings: A Summary of the Evidence" in Thomas J.
Espenshade, (editor), A Stone's Throw From Ellis Island: Economic
Implications of Immigration to New Jersey, University Press of
America, Lanham, Maryland, 1994, Chapter 4, pp. 169-215.

Drvr1

Pablito, they are not animals. Animals can be pets humans

have God given souls, they cannot be owned.





Illegal immigration does not seem to effect the well being

and the growth of the whole system by much one way

or the other, but the local effect

seem significant. Of course, economy is not yet within the

grasp of hard science, please keep that in mind. Predictions

even more difficult.



I think the stronger and more rational reason for ending illegal

immigration:



1) our national right and indeed duty to control

the borders. Calling people "wetbacks" and saying the

only good mexican is "en terra" and suggesting that

we should kill people (suggested by three different people

in previous discussions and

supported by some others, indirectly) cast doubts on your real motives
to say the least.



2) Fairness, the people who (including Mexicans)

don't break the law and wait their turn. Family of immigrants

who have wited for 2-3 or more years. We should have some

need based immigration; this illegal enmassimmigration rubs us from this
selection. There are also people in Africa whom we could

consider for a better life.







BUT,

The hatred I feel coming from some (not all) in this forum

only discredits some of the right reasons you pose. I don't

think George B. talks like that. Remember you are talking about

fellow human beings, many hard working, God fearing people.







Originally posted by Pablito

    > Hey DT, why don't you take about ten of them home as

    > house pets, feed and water them , provide for their

    > medical, house their families, and build a community in

    > your backyard for them, and after about ten years of

    > YOU footing the bill,----.


    > Then after the ten years you will have the right to flap

    > your gums about the feelings of the rest of the

    > Citizens of the United States of America, not wanting

    > any part of The mexicaneer Scumbags.


    > Other than that, take your BS and stuff it where the sun

    > don't shine.

    > Pablito

    > ******************************************


    > "DTBullock" <> wrote in message

    > news:brgs42$822f$"]news:brgs42$822f$1@news3.-
    > infoave.net[/url]...

    > > HEY SHINING ARMOUR, YOUR BLINDING YOURSELF WITH THAT NONSENSE,
    > dont

    > forget,

    > > the mexican is paying taxes, but with someone elses
    > identification and

    > yet,

    > > they can not claim the tax back.Furthermore, I was the mexicans
    > foreman,

    > so

    > > I know and observed their most deepest activities. So my
    > question to you

    > > is........................where do you hear such
    > garbage............from

    > your racist friends in the other groups, perhaps

Drvr1

Shiny guy and other know it all people,



My experties is mathematics and I don't claim I can understand

complex "life games" like economy which is not a hard science

but different people seem to have different ideas about this.

Times are bad now and it's easy to blame immigrants. As I said,

it's very difficult to understand complex dynamical systems.

No one can really prove anything. You may know about black-shol.

formula for valuing call-put options. (I know some stochastic

control and partial diff. equations and they used these in their

paper) It took me a good week to understand derivative

securities and read the paper. Just one formula! that all

economist know.



I can understand experts having strong ideas, but how about

you? You have to go to school to learn these things and you

cannot just pick the people you like and dismiss others as being

dishonest or not truthful.



I don't know who this guy is but the man who according

to many of his collegues is outstanding, Alan Greenspan, has this to
say:



.................................................. ...................-
.........



Alan Greenspan,



Chairman of the Federal Reserve System



discusses the economic benefits of immigration:













"As we are creating an ever more complex, accelerating economy, the
necessity to bring in resources and people from abroad to keep it
functioning in the most effective manner strikes me as relevant policy."



- in a speech to the Senate Banking Committee, February 2000.





"I've always thought that under the conditions we now confront, we
should be very carefully focused on the contriution which skilled [as
well as] unskilled people from abroad can contribute to the country, as
they have for generation after generation."

-in a speech to Congress, July 1999.





"Demand is putting very significant pressures on an ever-decreasing
supply of unemployed labor. The one obvious means that one can use to
offset that is expanding the number of people we allow in, either
generally or in specifically focused areas."



-in a speech to the Senate Banking Committee, February 2000.





"The economy can keep growing only if American buisnesses have the
workers they need to keep expanding."

-in a speech to Congress, February 2000.





"Congressman, I've always argued that this country has benefited
immensely from the fact that we draw people from all over the world. And
the average immigrant comes from a less benign environment, and indeed
that's the reason they've come here. And I think they appreciate the
benefits of this country more than those of us who were born here. And
it shows in their entrepreneurship, their enterprise and their
willingness to do the types of work that makes this country function."

-replying to Congressman Gutierrez, July 2001.





.................................................

People moving across political borders, the movement of capital

across the globe, trans-national treaties... It takes years

to comprehend how these forces shape the world.

Drvr1

Shiny guy:



"Frosty Wooldridge, former US Army Medical Service

Corps officer, teacher and author, has bicycled 100,000 miles on
six...."



Your Frosty wooly man should write books and articles about

bicycles then.



How do you know? he might be an idiot.



Epidemiologist and Economist with his own theories, right.

























http://michnews.com/artman/publish/printer_1879.shtml"]http://mic-
hnews.com/artman/publish/printer_1879.shtml[/url]



Each day American citizens go to work, they are taxed by their local,

state and federal government. Those taxes maintain a functioning

society. They provide for the common health, welfare and defense of

this nation. The average American must work from January 1st to May

5th to pay their taxes. That means they work for four months to

maintain this society. The rest of the year, they work for their

families and personal needs.



However, that has changed in the past ten years with an excess of 10

million people from foreign countries having crossed into the United

States illegally. Their growing numbers of over 2,200 per day are

creating a national crisis for every American family. In 2003, and

estimated 800,000 to 1,000,000 people crossed illegally into the

United States. That number is expected to exceed one million in 2004.



What are the costs? For the average American-extreme and growing. Why?

Because illegal aliens work under the table without paying taxes. Who

benefits? A few employers. Who loses? You do. Why? According to

Harvard Professor George Borjas, immigration costs American workers

$133 billion annually in wage depression and job loss. In the past ten

years, 2.3 million low skill American workers were displaced from

their jobs due to the heavy influx of foreign workers. Taxpayers paid

$15 billion in public assistance, Medicaid, food stamps and

unemployment compensation to Americans who had lost their jobs to

illegal immigrants.



In the past two years alone, the U.S. economy lost three million jobs

and unemployment rose to 6.4 percent. Yet the illegal immigration

pipeline keeps pumping into communities across America. Even more

sobering, immigrant households consume $20 billion more in public

services than they pay in taxes. Even more frightening, illegal

immigrants as well as legal immigrants send $55.5 billion dollars back

to their home countries--$14.5 to Mexico, $25 billion to South America

and $16 billion to Asia-thus draining currency out of America.



Each year, immigration takes $68 billion dollars out of your pocket.

They cost $7.4 billion to teach their children English as a second

language. California, with three million illegals, pays $2.2 billion

annually to educate illegal alien children. They are $38 billion in

debt. Texas is $12 billion in debt with 1.5 million illegal aliens

that cost them $1.03 billion annually. What is it in your state? The

USA is $6.8 trillion in debt. How long can your family and your

country maintain this financial nightmare?



Currently, illegal and legal immigrants make up 25% of the U.S. prison

population at an annual cost of $1 billion. That's just the ones that

are caught. Last summer, eight illegals raped eight Boulder, Colorado

women and fled to Mexico. One killed an LA police officer and fled

over the border. Gangs and drugs run over the Mexican border costing

American citizens millions in rehabilitation for addicts.



An even greater dilemma crossing over our borders are the diseases

riding in the bodies of illegal aliens who avoid health screening. An

incurable strain of tuberculosis, once endemic only to Mexico, is now

riding in the bodies of 16,000 people who crossed over in the past

four years. Over 7,000 new cases of leprosy have crossed over in the

past three years. Included in this growing crisis are Exotic New

Castle Disease, Dengue Fever, Chagas Disease and worse. In excess of

100,000 cases of hepatitis have been discovered, but the price has not

been added up at this time. The cost to every American citizen grows

by the day as over 2.3 million legal and illegal immigrants cross

America's borders annually.



Unfortunately, they come from countries without family planning, which

makes the line endless and growing. You might ask yourself, "What is

all this immigration doing for my family? Am I better off? How am I

benefiting? Is there something going on that I've missed? What about

my job and my community?"



Every citizen has a stake in the outcome of this crisis. If not now,

then later, for your children. You ask, "Why, in fact, are our elected

officials giving illegal aliens driver's licenses, instate tuition,

free schooling, medical care and more? Why are they helping illegal

alien migration by not securing America's borders since 9/11? What

good are our laws if our own federal officials won't enforce them?"



The reason is simple: Not enough people have spoken up. The worst

decision you can make is to think you can do so little that you do

nothing at all. If you do nothing, illegal aliens WILL keep crossing

our borders. It will get worse. It's up to you to start writing

letters to the editor, speaking up on radio talk shows, calling your

senators and congressmen/women daily, calling federal officials, make

noise, be heard and join action groups. The Boston Tea Party was one

of the great events that started this nation. One of your great,

great, great grandparents most likely heaved a few bags of tea

overboard. What are you going to do?



Watch, wait or take action?



It's your country, your kids and your future.



--------

Sources: Center for Immigration Studies, Washington, DC. Federation

of American Immigration Reform, Dr. Don Huddle of Rice University,

San Diego Union Tribune, Harvard University, National Academy of

Sciences



About the author: Frosty Wooldridge, former US Army Medical Service

Corps officer, teacher and author, has bicycled 100,000 miles on six

continents to see overpopulation up close and ugly. Latest book:

'STRIKE THREE! TAKE YOUR BASE'. His next book: 'INCURSION INTO

AMERICA: HOW MASSIVE IMMIGRATION ADVERSELY AFFECTS AMERICANS

CITIZENS'. If you want to take action, write the author and he will

forward you to web sites nationally and in your state. Nationally,

join www.numbersusa.com or call toll free in Congress: 1
800 648 3516

    > and give them a piece of your mind

d 100,000 miles on six continents to see overpopulation up close
and ugly."

Burp

"DTBullock" <> wrote in message
news:brgs42$822f$...
    > HEY SHINING ARMOUR, YOUR BLINDING YOURSELF WITH THAT NONSENSE, dont
forget,
    > the mexican is paying taxes, but with someone elses identification and
yet,
    > they can not claim the tax back.Furthermore, I was the mexicans foreman,
so
    > I know and observed their most deepest activities. So my question to you
    > is........................where do you hear such garbage............from
    > your racist friends in the other groups, perhaps

I worked and lived with illegals for years until their overwhelming numbers
drove me from my home state of California.

I sincerely hope YOUR wages, culture and neghborhood sinks to 2nd-world
status due to the horde of illegals inundating YOUR turf.




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